EARTHWORM: MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY

In this post we are going to discuss about Morphology and Anatomy of Earthworm, Cockroach and Frog. For the post of Animal Tissue System, click here.

Earthworm:

•Earthworm is a reddish brown terrestrial invertebrate that inhabits the upper layer of the moist soil. 

•During day time, they live in burrows made by boring and swallowing the soil. 

•In the gardens, they can be traced by their faecal deposits known as worm castings. 

•The common Indian earthworms are Pheretima and Lumbricus.

For the post of Morphology of Root, Stem and Leaf, Click here.

Morphology of Earthworm:

•Earthworms have long cylindrical body. 

•The body is divided into more

than hundred short segments which are similar (metameres about 100-120 in number). 

•The dorsal surface of the body is marked by a dark median mid dorsal line (dorsal blood vessel) along the longitudinal axis of

the body. 

•The ventral surface is distinguished by the presence of genital openings (pores). 

•Anterior end consists of the mouth and the prostomium,

a lobe which serves as a covering for the mouth and as a wedge to force open cracks in the soil into which the earthworm may crawl. 

•The prostomium is sensory in function. 

•The first body segment is called the peristomium (buccal segment) which contains the mouth. 

•In a mature worm, segments 14-16 are covered by a prominent dark band of glandular tissue called clitellum. 

•Thus the body is divisible into three prominent regions –

preclitellar, clitellar and postclitellar segments.

•Four pairs of spermathecal apertures are situated on the ventro-lateral sides of the intersegmental grooves, i.e., 5th -9th segments. 

•A single female genital pore is present in the mid-ventral line of 14th segment. 

•A pair of male genital pores are present on the ventro-lateral sides of the 18th segment. 

•Numerous minute pores called nephridiopores open on the

surface of the body. 

•In each body segment, except the first, last and clitellum, there are rows of S-shaped setae, embedded in the epidermal

pits in the middle of each segment. 

•Setae can be extended or retracted. Their principal role is in locomotion.

For the post of Morphology of Flower, Fruit and Seed, Click here.

Anatomy of Earthworm:

Overall Body:

•The body wall of the earthworm is covered externally by a thin non-cellular cuticle below which is the epidermis, two muscle layers (circular and longitudinal) and an innermost coelomic epithelium. 

•The epidermis is made up of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells which contain secretory gland cells.

Digestive System:

•The alimentary canal is a straight tube and runs between first to last segment of the body. 

•A terminal mouth opens into the buccal cavity (1-3 segments) which leads into muscular pharynx. 

•A small narrow tube, oesophagus (5-7 segments), continues into a muscular gizzard (8-9 segments). It helps in grinding the soil particles and decaying leaves, etc. 

•The stomach extends from 9-14 segments.

•The food of the earthworm is decaying leaves and organic matter mixed with soil. 

•Calciferous glands, present in the stomach, neutralise the

humic acid present in humus. 

•Intestine starts from the 15th segment onwards and continues

till the last segment. 

•A pair of short and conical

intestinal caecae project from the intestine on the 26th segment. 

•The characteristic feature of the intestine after 26th segment except the last 23rd-25th segments is the presence of internal median fold of dorsal wall called typhlosole. 

•This increases the effective area of absorption in the

intestine. 

•The alimentary canal opens to the exterior by a small rounded aperture called anus.

•The ingested organic rich soil passes through the digestive tract where digestive enzymes

breakdown complex food into smaller absorbable units. 

•These simpler molecules are absorbed through intestinal membranes and are utilised.

Circulatory system:

•Pheretima exhibits a closed type of blood vascular system, consisting of blood vessels, capillaries and heart. 

•Due to closed circulatory system, blood is confined

to the heart and blood vessels. 

•Contractions keep blood circulating in one direction. Smaller blood vessels supply the gut, nerve cord, and

the body wall. 

•Blood glands are present on the

4th, 5th and 6th segments. They produce blood cells and haemoglobin which is dissolved in blood plasma. 

•Blood cells are phagocytic in

nature. 

•Earthworms lack specialised breathing devices. 

•Respiratory exchange occurs through moist body surface into their blood stream. 

Excretory system:

•The excretory organs occur as segmentally arranged coiled tubules called nephridia

(sing.: nephridium). 

•They are of three types:

(i) septal nephridia, present on both the sides of intersegmental septa of segment 15 to the last

that open into intestine, 

(ii) integumentary nephridia, attached to lining of the body wall of segment 3 to the last that open on the body surface and 

(iii) pharyngeal nephridia, present as three paired tufts in the 4th, 5th and 6th segments. 

•These different types of

nephridia are basically similar in structure.

•Nephridia regulate the volume and composition of the body fluids. 

•A nephridium starts out as a

funnel that collects excess fluid from coelomic chamber. 

•The funnel connects with a tubular part of the nephridium which delivers the wastes

through a pore to the surface in the body wall into the digestive tube.

Nervous system:

•Nervous system is basically represented by ganglia arranged segmentwise on the ventral paired nerve cord. 

•The nerve cord in the anterior

region (3rd and 4th segments) bifurcates, laterally encircling the pharynx and joins the cerebral ganglia dorsally to form a nerve ring. 

•The cerebral ganglia alongwith other nerves in the ring integrate sensory input as well as command muscular responses of the body. 

•Sensory system does not have eyes but does possess light and touch sensitive organs (receptor cells) to distinguish the light intensities and to feel

the vibrations in the ground. •Worms have specialised chemoreceptors (taste receptors) which react to chemical stimuli. These sense organs are located on the anterior part of the worm.

Reproductive system:

•Earthworm is hermaphrodite (bisexual), i.e., testes and ovaries are present in the same

individual. 

•There are two pairs of testes present in the 10th and 11th segments.

•Their vasa deferentia run up to the 18th segment where they join the prostatic duct. 

•Two pairs of accessory glands are present one pair each in

the 17th and 19th segments. 

•The common prostate and spermatic duct (vasa deferentia) opens to the exterior by a pair of male genital pores on the ventro-lateral side of the 18th segment. 

•Four pairs of spermathecae are located in 6th-9th segments (one pair in each segment). 

•They receive and store spermatozoa during copulation. 

•One pair of ovaries is attached at the inter-segmental septum of the 12th and 13th segments. 

•Ovarian funnels are present beneath the ovaries which

continue into oviduct, join together and open on the ventral side as a single median female genital pore on the 14th segment.

•A mutual exchange of sperm occurs between two worms during mating. 

•One worm has to find another worm and they mate juxtaposing opposite gonadal openings exchanging packets

of sperms called spermatophores. 

•Mature sperm and egg cells and nutritive fluid are deposited in

cocoons produced by the gland cells of clitellum. 

•Fertilisation and development occur within the cocoons which are deposited in soil. 

•The ova (eggs) are fertilised by the sperm cells within the

cocoon which then slips off the worm and is deposited in or on the soil. 

•The cocoon holds the worm embryos. After about 3 weeks, each cocoon produces two to twenty baby worms with an

average of four. 

•Development of earthworms is

direct, i.e., there is no larva formed. 

Significance in General life:

•Earthworms are known as ‘friends of farmers’ because they make burrows in the soil and make it porous which helps in respiration and penetration of the developing plant roots. 

•The process of increasing fertility of soil by the earthworms is called vermicomposting. 

•They are also used

as bait in game fishing.