Bioniac

In this post we are going to discuss about Animal tissue system. For the post of Morphology of Flower, Fruit and Seed, click  here Animal   Tissue : The structure of the cells vary according to their function. Therefore, the tissues are different and are broadly classified into four types :  (i) Epithelial (ii) Connective (iii) Muscular (iv) Neural <> Epithelial   Tissue : •We commonly refer to an epithelial tissue as epithelium (pl.: epithelia). •This tissue has a free surface, which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment and thus provides a covering or a lining for some part of the body.  •The cells are compactly packed with little intercellular matrix.  •There are two types of epithelial tissues namely simple epithelium and compound epithelium.  •Simple epithelium is composed of a single layer of cells and functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes.  •The compound epithelium consists of two or more cell layers and has protective function as it does

In this post we are going to discuss about the Morphology of Flower, Fruit and Seed. For the post of Morphology of Root, Stem and Leaf, Click  here . The   Inflorescence : •A flower is a modified shoot wherein the shoot apical meristem changes to floral meristem. •Internodes do not elongate and the axis gets condensed.  •The apex produces different kinds of floral appendages laterally at successive nodes instead of leaves.  •When a shoot tip transforms into a flower, it is always solitary.  •The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as inflorescence.  •Depending on whether the apex gets developed into a flower or continues to grow, two major types of inflorescences are defined – racemose and cymose.  •In racemose type of inflorescences the main axis continues to grow, the flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal succession. •In cymose type of inflorescence the main axis terminates in a flower, hence is limited in growth. The flowers are borne in a basipetal order. The

In this post we are going to discuss the Morphology of Root, Stem and Leaf. For the post of Body Fluids, Click  here . The   Root : •In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary root which grows inside the soil. •It bears lateral roots of several orders that are referred to as secondary, tertiary, etc. roots.  •The primary roots and its branches constitute the tap root system, as seen in the mustard plant.  •In monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system, as seen in the wheat plant.  •In some plants, like grass , Monstera and the banyan tree, roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle and are called adventitious roots .  •The main functions of the root system are- i)  absorption of water and minerals from the soil ii)  providing a proper anchorage to the pl

In this post we are going to discuss about Circulation of Body Fluids. For the post about Body Fluids, click  here . Circulatory   Pathway : The circulatory patterns are of two types – open or closed.  •Open circulatory system is present in arthropods and molluscs in which blood pumped by the heart passes through large vessels into open spaces or body cavities called sinuses.  •Annelids and chordates have a closed circulatory system in which the blood pumped by the heart is always circulated through a closed network of blood vessels.  •Closed circulatory pattern is considered to be more advantageous as the flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated. •All vertebrates possess a muscular chambered heart. Fishes have a 2-chambered heart with an atrium and a ventricle.  •Amphibians and the reptiles (except crocodiles) have a 3-chambered heart with two atria and a single ventricle, whereas crocodiles, birds and mammals possess a 4-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles.  •In fi

In this post we are going to discuss about the Body Fluids. For the post of Exchange of Gases and Resporatory Disorders, click  here Different groups of animals have evolved different methods for this transport. Simple organisms like sponges and coelenterates circulate water from their surroundings through their body cavities to facilitate the cells to exchange these substances. More complex organisms use special fluids within their bodies to transport such materials. Blood is the most commonly used body fluid by most of the higher organisms including humans for this purpose. Another body fluid, lymph , also helps in the transport of certain substances.  Blood : Blood is a special connective tissue consisting of the following elements- i)  fluid matrix ii)  plasma iii)  Other elements. Plasma : •Plasma is a straw coloured, viscous fluid constituting nearly 55 per cent of the blood.  •90-92 per cent of plasma is water and proteins contribute 6-8 per cent of it.  •Fibrinogen, globulins

      In this post we are going to discuss about the mechanism of exchange of gases and Respiratory disorders in brief. For the breathing and human respiratory system post, click  here         Transverse Section of an                                 Alviolus   Respiratory   System   and   Capacities : • Tidal Volume (TV) : Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration. It is approx. 500 mL., i.e., a healthy man can inspire or expire approximately 6000 to 8000 mL of air per minute. • Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) : Additional volume of air, a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration. This averages 2500 mL to 3000 mL. • Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) : Additional volume of air, a person can expire by a forcible expiration. This averages 1000 mL to 1100 mL.  • Residual Volume (RV) : Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration. This averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL. By adding up a few respiratory volumes described above, one can deri

In this post we are going to discuss about the process of breathing and human respiratory system in brief. For the anatomy of digestive system post click  here Breathing   or   Respiration : •Oxygen (O2) is utilised by the organisms to indirectly break down simple molecules like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, etc., to derive energy to perform various activities. •Carbon dioxide (CO2) which is harmful is also released during the above catabolic reactions.  •It is, therefore, evident that O2  has to be continuously provided to the cells and CO2 produced by the cells have to be released out.  •This process of exchange of O2  from the atmosphere with CO2  produced by the cells is called breathing, commonly known as respiration. For the process of digestion post click  here Respiratory   Organ : Mechanisms of breathing vary among different groups of animals depending mainly on their habitats and levels of organisation. •Lower invertebrates like sponges, coelenterates, flatworms, etc., e